Thursday, July 14, 2011

Fe-S clusters

Biological Fe-S clusters come in many sizes and flavours:
  • 2Fe-2S clusters ligated by four cysteines
  • 2Fe-2S clusters ligated by three cysteines and one aspartate
  • 2Fe-2S clusters ligated by cysteines and histidines (the so-called Rieske clusters)
  • 3Fe-4S clusters ligated by three cysteines
  • 4Fe-4S clusters ligated by four cysteines
  • 4Fe-4S clusters ligated by three cysteines and one aspartate
  • the hideously complex cluster present in hybrid cluster protein (also known as fuscoredoxin or "prismane protein")
  • the P-cluster in nitrogenase
  • etc., etc., etc.
    The large number of electrons in Fe and the complexity of the possible couplings between spin states make the theoretical analysis of the electronic structures in Fe-S clusters quite difficult.
    Takano et al. have recently published a paper on the differences between a Cys3Asp ligated 4Fe-4S cluster and the "regular" (all Cys) 4Fe-4S cluster. The authors nicely analyze the influence of the Asp (and other) ligands on the electronic structure of the 4Fe-4S cluster, observe a -0.10 V difference in redox potential (vs. normal 4Fe-4S) in high dielectric constants, and offer this observation as the reason for the low potential of this cluster.
    I do not accept this last conclusion for two reasons:
  • redox potentials of Cys-ligated 4Fe-4S clusters may differ by >0.4 V from each other, which shows that the influence of the charge distribution of the protein is much more important than the small difference observed by the authors
  • the 0.1 V difference found amounts to ca. 2.3 kcal/mol, which is well within the error range of the computational methods used.
  • Monday, July 11, 2011

    Energy metabolism in brain

    It is a well-known "fact" that under normal conditions glucose is responsible for providing almost all the energy needed by the healthy brain. However, it is not at all clear why that should be so: after all, fatty acids are well known to cross the brain-blood barrier. Why souldn't they be substrates for beta-oxidation in neurons? After browsing the literature, I still do not have an answer for that question. The Gene Expression Database reports that the enzymes involved in beta-oxidation are indded expressed in brain, but it is not clear if the data are from tissue homogeneates ot form purified neurons/astrocytes, etc. Back in 1993, Ebert et al.  showed that ca. 20% of the brain's energy needs may be met by medium-chain fatty acids. Drawing on earlier research by other authors, Ebert et al. concluded that astrocytes probably account for the fatty acids oxidation, while the neurons survive on glucose alone (or a mixture of glucose and lactate provided by the astrocytes themselves).

    I would still like to find out any explanation for the neurons' dependence on glucose (or glucose/lactate).. Any ideas?